Introduction: Journey to Yakushima, the “Alps of the Sea”
Located in the southern part of Kagoshima Prefecture, Yakushima is an island of mystery, shaped by a uniquely rainy climate – a fact often captured by the local saying, “It rains 35 days a month.”
With mountain peaks soaring over 1,000 meters, including Kyushu’s highest, Mt. Miyanoura (1,935m), the island has earned the nickname “the Alps of the Sea.”
Its stunning natural beauty captivates people from all over the world
This article goes beyond a simple travel guide.
We’ll dive deep into what makes Yakushima a “global treasure” and a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site.
We’ll explore the scientific and historical reasons behind its designation, uncover the secrets of the ancient Yakusugi cedars, and highlight the diverse activities that will ignite all your senses.
Our goal is to serve as a compass for you, helping you understand the profound depths of Yakushima and plan your own unforgettable trip
This article is based on the latest information from 2023, marking the 30th anniversary of Yakushima’s World Natural Heritage registration, and incorporates insights from years of research.
Table of Contents
Why Was Yakushima Named a “World Natural Heritage” Site?
The Two Criteria That Earned Global Recognition: Unparalleled Natural Value
Yakushima became Japan’s first World Natural Heritage site on December 11, 1993, after meeting two particularly important criteria from the UNESCO list.
The core of this recognition is its unparalleled natural beauty and its globally rare and unique ecosystem.
Criterion (vii): Superlative Natural Beauty and Aesthetic Importance
The value of Yakushima as a World Natural Heritage site begins with its outstanding landscapes.
The primary forest of Yakusugi cedars, some over 1,000 years old, was highly praised for creating a globally unique scene.
It’s not just the presence of giant trees; the island’s exceptionally rainy climate, with annual precipitation reaching 8,000 to 10,000 mm, has created a fantastical landscape where everything – from the forest floor to the trunks of the Yakusugi – is covered in a carpet of moss.
This moss-covered scenery, sustained by high humidity, creates a one-of-a-kind natural beauty you won’t find anywhere else.
Criterion (ix): A Unique Vertical Zonation of Vegetation, from Subtropical to Subalpine
Because of its geographic location and significant elevation changes, Yakushima exhibits a remarkable vertical distribution of vegetation.
You can see a continuous range of flora, from subtropical and warm-temperate plants like banyan and papaya trees near the coast, to cold-temperate plants like fir and Japanese hemlock on the mountains over 1,000m, and even subalpine plants like Yakushima rhododendrons and dwarf bamboo.
This phenomenon is a prime example of an ongoing ecological and biological process that is especially valuable on a global scale, unique to an island where the coast and mountaintops are so close.
Additionally, this vegetation is distinct because it lacks common species found in Japan’s mainland cold-temperate regions, such as beech and spruce. Instead, their niche is filled by cedar, fir, and Japanese hemlock.
This unique environment is also what allows many endemic species, such as the Yakushima macaque and Yakushima deer, and plants at their northern or southern limits, to thrive here.
Further Considerations: A Unique Ecosystem Shaped by Rain and Granite
The reason Yakushima was chosen as a World Natural Heritage site isn’t just about beautiful old-growth forests and diverse vegetation.
At its core is a complex web of cause and effect created by its unique natural conditions.
First, the extremely high annual rainfall, reaching 8,000 to 10,000 mm, maintains the high humidity in the forests.
This damp environment promotes the growth of stream-dwelling plants and epiphytes on the trees, creating that distinctive moss-covered landscape.
Next, the presence of granite, which forms the island’s geology, is crucial.
Granite creates nutrient-poor soil, which might seem like a harsh environment.
However, it’s this very condition that allows the Yakusugi cedars to live so long.
By growing slowly in poor soil, the Yakusugi develop dense, rot-resistant wood, allowing them to survive for thousands of years.
Bringing these facts together, you can see that Yakushima’s “natural beauty” and “vegetation” are not accidental.
They are the result of a complex interplay between a rainy climate, nutrient-poor granite soil, and a unique ecosystem that all influence one another.
This environment is the fundamental reason UNESCO deemed it a “unique landscape of its kind in the world,” and its protection is essential for preserving the value of the World Heritage site.
About 20% of Yakushima is registered as a World Natural Heritage site.
However, some major tourist attractions, such as Shiratani Unsuikyo and Kigensugi, are located outside of the core World Heritage area or in its buffer zone.
This shows how the island balances strict natural protection with allowing more people to safely experience its charm.
The Mystery and Story of the “Yakusugi” Cedars, Over 1,000 Years Old
Only cedars over 1,000 years old are called “Yakusugi,” and they have been designated as special natural monuments of Japan.
While the average lifespan of a Japanese cedar is around 500 years, Yakusugi are miraculous beings that live for thousands of years, and their vitality deeply moves all who visit.
There are five giant trees on Yakushima that stand out in particular.
- Jomon Sugi: The Ancient Life Force Where Gods Reside
Jomon Sugi is the largest Yakusugi cedar on the island, with a majestic height of 25.3m and a circumference of 16.4m at chest height.
Its estimated age ranges from 2,170 to 7,200 years, and its exact age remains unknown.
Despite a hollowed-out center, its powerful, living presence is a testament to an unimaginable life force.
The deep grooves in its trunk are believed to be scars from the Edo period, when it was spared from logging because the wood was deemed too difficult to use.
This ironic twist of history ultimately protected this miraculous tree for us today.
The trek to see Jomon Sugi requires a strenuous 10-hour round trip, and since 1996, visitors can only view it from a wooden observation deck to protect its roots. - Wilson’s Stump: The Heart of a Miracle and a Story of History
Located on the trail to Jomon Sugi, Wilson’s Stump is the largest tree stump on Yakushima, with a cut-surface diameter of over 4m.
It is estimated to have been around 3,000 years old and a legend says it was cut down to be presented to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a powerful feudal lord from the 16th century.
When you look up from inside the stump from a specific angle, the cut-out forms a perfect heart shape.
Because of this, it has become a popular “power spot for love” that draws many people. - Daiosugi and Meotosugi: The Forest King and a Symbol of Love
Before Jomon Sugi was discovered, Daiosugi was known as the largest Yakusugi and was given the name “The Great King” (Daiō).
It is estimated to be over 3,000 years old and has a commanding presence second only to Jomon Sugi.
Meanwhile, Meotosugi, or the “Married Couple Cedar,” gets its name from two cedars, about 1,500 years old, whose upper branches are firmly intertwined.
Looking like they are holding hands, they charm many couples as a symbol of an ideal marriage. - Kigensugi: A “World Heritage-Class” Giant You Can Reach by Car
Estimated to be 3,000 years old, Kigensugi is known as the most accessible giant tree and can be viewed right from the car.
It is the largest Yakusugi accessible by car.
It is characterized by the diverse plants that grow on it, such as Japanese hemlock and rhododendrons, making it look like a small ecosystem all on its own.
Comparison of Major Yakusugi and Giant Trees
| Name | Estimated Age | Girth at Chest Height | Height | Features & Notes | Main Access Method |
| Jomon Sugi | 2,170-7,200 years | 16.4m | 25.3m | The largest Yakusugi on the island, viewed from a protected deck. | A challenging 10-hour round-trip hike. |
| Wilson’s Stump | (Cut down) | 13.8m | (Cut down) | A heart shape when viewed from inside, with a historical background. | On the trail to Jomon Sugi. |
| Daiosugi | 3,000+ years | 11.1m | 24.7m | Was considered the largest Yakusugi before Jomon Sugi was found. | On the trail to Jomon Sugi. |
| Meotosugi | Approx. 1,500 years | – | – | Two cedars with their upper branches intertwined, a “power spot” for love. | On the trail to Jomon Sugi. |
| Kigensugi | 3,000+ years | 8.1m | 19.5m | The largest Yakusugi accessible by car, with many epiphytes. | By car (with a walking path). |
A Trekking Guide to the Primeval Forest
Shiratani Unsuikyo: The Holy Land of “Princess Mononoke”
Shiratani Unsuikyo, said to be the inspiration for the world of the film Princess Mononoke, is famous for its magical “Moss-covered Forest.”
A carpet of moss, the lingering mist, and a unique atmosphere created by the heavy rainfall all combine to draw visitors into an ancient forest.
It’s a place that receives rave reviews in travel blogs and on social media.
This area offers three courses to choose from, perfect for everyone from beginners to seasoned trekkers.
If you venture up to Taikoiwa Rock, you’ll be rewarded with a breathtaking panoramic view of the “Alps of the Sea,” including Mt. Miyanoura, a sight that will make you forget your climbing fatigue.
Although Shiratani Unsuikyo is located outside the core World Natural Heritage area, it’s considered a symbol of Yakushima’s charm.
This proves that the World Heritage designation isn’t just for specific spots; it’s a holistic recognition of the entire island’s ecosystem and landscape, speaking to the high value of all of Yakushima’s nature.
Yakusugiland: Something for Everyone, from Beginners to Experts
Yakusugiland is a popular nature reserve located about 1,000m up in the mountains, dotted with many Yakusugi cedars, as well as the Senpiro-no-Taki Waterfall and Buddha Sugi.
It has a variety of well-maintained walking paths ranging from 30 minutes to 3.5 hours, making it a great spot for trekking beginners or families to easily experience the Yakusugi forest.
Famous Waterfalls and Scenic Spots to Feel Nature’s Bounty
Okawa-no-Taki Waterfall, One of Japan’s Top 100 Waterfalls
Okawa-no-Taki is a waterfall that plunges about 90m and is selected as one of Japan’s Top 100 Waterfalls.
Its sheer volume and powerful spray act like a “natural air conditioner.”
Nearby, you can taste the pure and clear spring water of “Okawa Yusui.”
Senpiro-no-Taki Waterfall with its Massive Granite Face
Senpiro-no-Taki is an impressive waterfall where water cascades 60m down a V-shaped valley.
The massive granite rock face it flows over is said to be large enough for “a thousand people to hold hands,” giving you a sense of nature’s overwhelming scale.
Travel Itinerary Suggestions to Fully Enjoy Yakushima’s Nature
Yakushima’s appeal isn’t just about trekking.
The abundant rivers, born from the heavy rainfall, and the beautiful ocean provide a stage for a wide range of activities.
Diverse Activities Born from Forests and Water
Besides the classic routes like Jomon Sugi and Shiratani Unsuikyo, there are trekking trails for various skill levels, including some that take you into more secluded areas.
For a calmer experience, river kayaking on the clear Anbo River or Miyanoura River is perfect for beginners.
Meanwhile, at beaches like Isso Beach, you can go snorkeling and have a magical encounter with colorful tropical fish and sea turtles.
Highlighting that Yakushima’s value includes its “ocean” as much as its “mountains” helps travelers broaden their interests and appreciate the island from a multifaceted perspective.
You can also try making original crafts like chopsticks or bracelets from precious Yakusugi cedar or the hides of Yakushima deer.
These special souvenirs make for a truly unique memory.
Cultural Facilities to Deepen Your Knowledge of Yakushima’s Nature
In between your adventures, you might want to visit some cultural facilities where you can learn about the island’s nature and history.
- Yakusugi Nature Museum
This museum has an exhibition of a giant branch from Jomon Sugi and provides specialized knowledge about the Yakusugi cedars. - Yakushima World Heritage Center
Here you’ll find panels explaining Yakushima’s World Heritage registration and a sound gallery featuring the unique sounds of nature, offering a fun way to learn about the environment. - Yakushima Sea Turtle Hall
This center provides information on the conservation of sea turtles, as Yakushima is one of the most important nesting grounds for them in Japan.
Yakushima Activity Guide
| Activity | Summary | Cost (Reference) | Time (Reference) | Difficulty |
| Jomon Sugi Trekking | A full-scale mountain trek to see the giant Jomon Sugi. | Guided tour: From ¥15,000 per person. | Approx. 10 hours round trip. | Advanced |
| Shiratani Unsuikyo Trekking | A mystical forest walk through the moss-covered forest and to Taikoiwa Rock. | Guided tour: From ¥12,000 per person. | 3 to 8.5 hours. | Beginner to Intermediate |
| River Kayaking | A tranquil journey on the clear rivers. | From ¥6,650 per person. | Half-day to full-day. | Beginner |
| Sea Kayaking | A coastal paddle to encounter sea turtles and fish. | From ¥12,000 per person. | Half-day to full-day. | Beginner to Intermediate |
| Snorkeling | Observing tropical fish and coral reefs in the warm ocean. | From ¥6,000 per person. | Half-day to full-day. | Beginner |
| Yakusugi Wood Crafting | Making chopsticks or bracelets from Yakusugi cedar. | – | – | All levels |
Smart Tips for Your Yakushima Trip
Important Notes and Etiquette for Trekking
The Jomon Sugi trek is said to require “40,000 steps in a single day,” so it’s essential to manage your physical condition and prepare in advance with proper gear like trekking shoes, rainwear, and snacks.
Given the challenging mountain trails and constant rain, it’s highly recommended to use a guided tour.
Guides aren’t just for navigation; they are “storytellers” who provide deep knowledge about the island’s history and nature, making your journey much richer.
To help preserve the nature, it’s also vital to follow the rules, such as staying on the designated trails.
Access Information and Local Transportation
To get to Yakushima, you can fly from Kagoshima Airport to Yakushima Airport, or take a high-speed boat or ferry from Kagoshima Port to either Miyanoura Port or Anbo Port.
Once on the island, the main form of public transport is the bus, but services are limited, so a rental car is very convenient.
Be careful, though, as some roads, like the Seibu Rindo (Western Forest Road), are narrow and require cautious driving.
Conclusion: Toward the Future of Yakushima, a World Heritage Site
As detailed in this report, Yakushima’s designation as a World Natural Heritage site is not based on a single scenic view or a single species.
The value lies in the entirety of its unique and miraculous ecosystem, where an ancient rainy climate, nutrient-poor granite soil, and diverse vegetation are all intricately intertwined.
The massive Yakusugi cedars, like Jomon Sugi, are not just plants; they are “living legacies” that symbolize the island’s history and life force.
The history behind Wilson’s Stump and the magical atmosphere of the moss-covered forest continue to inspire and provide deep insights to visitors.
A trip to Yakushima is not just about “seeing” nature; it’s about “feeling” its grand history and the cycle of life.
To protect this treasure, which the World Heritage designation helps to preserve, it’s up to each of us to show understanding and respect for its future.
References
- Kagoshima Prefectural Board of Education: Yakushima Cedar Primeval Forest
- Yakushima Nature School: About Yakushima, a World Natural Heritage Site
- Ministry of the Environment: Yakushima
- Kyushu Forest Management Bureau: Yakushima plants
- Yakushima Town: Jomon cedar
- Yakushima Tourism Association: Yakusugi cedar tree estimated to be 3,000 years old
