There is perhaps no country where hot springs (onsen) are as deeply loved by the people as Japan.
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The abundant onsen produced by the volcanic archipelago not only provide warm baths but are also an indispensable element for relaxation of mind and body, health promotion, and experiencing Japanese culture.
The scent of sulfur, the natural scenery spreading beyond the steaming mist, and the comfort of soaking in the hot water captivate all who visit. This article delves into the profound charm of Japanese onsen.
The Blessing of the Earth: Onsen Water Quality and Benefits
The diversity of Japanese onsen largely stems from their water quality. The hot water that springs from deep underground contains various mineral components, and the expected benefits also differ depending on the type. Choosing an onsen is the first step in finding healing tailored to your constitution and purpose.
Sulfur Springs
Characterized by a distinctive sulfurous odor, sulfur springs are said to have bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory effects. They have long been expected to be effective against skin diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, and arteriosclerosis. Their fragrance and milky white water further enhance the onsen experience. Sulfur components are also said to have antioxidant and disinfectant properties, and have been reported to have a positive impact on skin problems such as atopic dermatitis.
Sodium-calcium chloride high-temperature hot springs
It is said that when salt adheres to the skin, it prevents the evaporation of sweat and makes it harder to feel chilled after bathing. Sodium and calcium ions are thought to help retain moisture in the skin. Generally, it is considered beneficial for conditions such as neuralgia, muscle pain, joint pain, sensitivity to cold, and recovery from fatigue. Famous Japanese Sodium-calcium chloride high-temperature hot springs: Kinosaki Onsen(Hyogo Prefecture), Shirahama Onsen(Wakayama Prefecture), Atami Onsen(Shizuoka Prefecture)
Sodium chloride springs, which contain a high amount of salt, are characterized by their high heat retention, making it difficult to feel cold after bathing. Also known as “Netsu no Yu” (hot water bath), they are expected to be effective against chills, neuralgia, and joint pain. The salt that adheres to the skin prevents the evaporation of sweat, maintaining warmth after bathing. Sodium is also said to promote blood circulation and relieve muscle and joint tension. Famous sulfur springs in Japan: Noboribetsu Onsen (Hokkaido), Manza Onsen (Hokkaido), Kurokawa Onsen (Kumamoto Prefecture),
Sodium Bicarbonate Springs
Known as “Bijin no Yu” (beauty bath) for their ability to soften the skin’s stratum corneum and make hair smooth. They are also said to have a cleansing effect, washing away sebum and secretions like soap, and are expected to be effective against cuts, burns, and chronic skin diseases. In onsen where drinking is permitted, they are said to be effective against gastrointestinal diseases and diabetes. Bicarbonate ions are easily absorbed by the skin and also promote blood circulation, thus helping to improve chills. Famous Japanese sodium bicarbonate springs: Ryujin Onsen (Wakayama Prefecture), Mino Onsen (Osaka Prefecture)
Ferruginous Springs
Ferruginous springs, rich in iron, turn reddish-brown when exposed to air. Expected to be effective against anemia, chronic skin diseases, menopausal disorders, and menstrual disorders, they are also known as “Fujin no Yu” (women’s bath). Drinking the water is said to promote the secretion of gastric acid and help the absorption of iron, making it particularly effective against anemia. Japan’s famous ferruginous springs: Tekkōsenhonkan(nagano Prefecture)
Carbon Dioxide Springs
These onsen have carbon dioxide gas dissolved in them, and are characterized by bubbles attaching to the skin during bathing. They have the effect of dilating blood vessels and promoting blood circulation, and are expected to be effective against high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, and chills. Because they have a high heat retention effect even at low temperatures, they are also known as “Shinzou no Yu” (heart bath). Famous Japanese carbon dioxide springs: Arima Onsen(Hyogo Prefecture)Nagayu Onsen(Oita Prefecture)
Acidic Springs
Acidic springs with a low pH are known for their strong sterilizing power. They are expected to be effective against skin diseases such as athlete’s foot, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis vulgaris. Because they are highly irritating to the skin, people with sensitive skin need to be careful. Famous Japanese acidic springs: Tamagawa Onsen(Akita Prefecture), Zao Onsen(Yamagata Prefecture), Tsukahara Onsen(Oita Prefecture)
Alkaline Springs
Alkaline springs with a pH of 8.5 or higher are expected to have a skin-beautifying effect by removing old keratin from the skin and making hair smooth. They are relatively mild and gentle on the skin. Famouss Japanese alkaline springs: hakuba-happo Onsen(Nagano Prefecture)
Simple Springs
Simple springs, which contain relatively few mineral components, are gentle on the skin and can be enjoyed safely by the elderly and children, thus also known as “Kazoku no Yu” (family bath). While they do not have strong specific effects, they are expected to provide relief from fatigue and relaxation through their warming effect. Fabous Japanese simple springs: Kinugawa Onsen(Gunma Prefecture), Dogo Onsen(Ehime Prefecture), Gero Onsen(Gifu Prefecture)
Radioactive Springs
Radioactive springs containing a trace amount of radon are said to have a sedative effect and are expected to be effective against rheumatism, neuralgia, and gout. Fabous Japanese radioactive springs: Misasa Onsen(Tottori Prefecture), Tamagawa Onsen(Akita Prefecture)
Iodine Springs
Iodine-containing iodine springs are expected to have the effect of suppressing total cholesterol when consumed.
Tracing History: Onsen and the Japanese People’s Journey
The history of Japanese onsen is very old, with descriptions found in the “Kojiki” and “Nihon Shoki,” chronicles compiled in the Nara period (710-794 AD). Since that time, onsen have been used as places for recuperation to heal illnesses and injuries. In particular, Dogo Onsen, Arima Onsen, and Shirahama Onsen are called the “Three Ancient Hot Springs of Japan” and have been cherished by many people since ancient times.
During the Heian period (794-1185 AD), nobles and monks visited onsen for health promotion and disease treatment. In the Kamakura (1185-1333 AD) and Muromachi (1336-1573 AD) periods, samurai and warlords also began to use onsen for therapeutic purposes, and during the Sengoku period (Warring States period, 1467-1615 AD), onsen were also utilized to treat wounded soldiers. Records from this time also indicate that warlords such as Takeda Shingen exclusively used hidden onsen.
In the Edo period (1603-1868 AD), onsen became widely popular among the general public, and bathing in hot springs became one of the common people’s pastimes. The development of highways made access to onsen resorts easier, and onsen towns across the country flourished. Onsen rankings such as the “Shokoku Onsen Kouno Kagami” (A Mirror of the Efficacy of Hot Springs in Various Provinces) were also published, and the benefits of onsen became widely known.
Onsen have played an important role not only as places for bathing but also in balneotherapy (onsen therapy), a traditional Japanese medical and health practice. Balneotherapy utilizes the thermal effects, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and pharmacological effects of the minerals contained in onsen water to treat various diseases and promote health. In the Edo period, “toji” (hot spring cure) was commonly practiced as a long-stay recuperation lasting several weeks, and unique customs and manners regarding meals and bathing methods developed. Even after the introduction of Western medicine in the modern era, balneotherapy has remained deeply rooted as a folk remedy, and its effectiveness is being re-evaluated today.
Many onsen ryokan (hot spring inns), accommodations for enjoying onsen, exist in onsen resorts. These ryokan feature traditional architectural styles centered around Japanese-style rooms with tatami mats, sliding doors (fusuma), and paper screens (shoji), creating a Japanese ambiance.
The charm of onsen ryokan lies not only in the onsen but also in the opportunity to experience the spirit of “omotenashi,” or Japanese hospitality. Upon arrival, staff in yukata (casual kimono) warmly greet guests and guide them to their rooms.
At onsen ryokan, guests can savor kaiseki cuisine (multi-course Japanese haute cuisine) and local dishes made with plenty of seasonal local ingredients. Enjoying the region’s unique food culture along with beautiful presentation is a pleasure unique to onsen ryokan.
Various onsen facilities with different atmospheres are available within the ryokan, allowing guests to spend relaxing time in open-air baths (rotenburo) and private baths (kashikiri buro). Taking a stroll through the onsen town in yukata after dinner is also a typical way to spend time at an onsen ryokan. In recent years, the number of ryokan offering free-flow drink services has been increasing, allowing guests to enjoy their favorite beverages as much as they like.
Savoring the Blessings of the Earth: Onsen and Local Cuisine
Onsen resorts are often surrounded by rich nature, and unique local ingredients and regional dishes have been cultivated in these areas. For example, Mizusawa udon noodles are famous in Ikaho Onsen in Gunma Prefecture, Oraga-don rice bowl in Kamogawa Onsen in Chiba Prefecture, and soup-filled yakisoba noodles in Shiobara Onsen in Tochigi Prefecture.
In mountainous onsen resorts, dishes using wild vegetables and river fish can be enjoyed, while seaside onsen resorts offer dishes made with fresh seafood. There are also unique cooking methods that utilize onsen water and the heat of the hot springs. In Beppu Onsen in Oita Prefecture, “jigoku-mushi” (hell steaming), a method of steaming ingredients using the steam from hot springs, is famous. Rice and porridge cooked with onsen water, as well as onsen eggs, are also familiar local delicacies in onsen areas. In Arima Onsen in Hyogo Prefecture, carbonated rice crackers made using carbon dioxide springs are a local specialty. These dishes maximize the blessings of nature in the onsen areas and enrich the onsen experience.
Voices from Around the World: Foreign Tourists Talk About Their Onsen Experience
Japanese onsen are also a very attractive destination for foreign tourists. Many foreigners experiencing onsen for the first time express surprise and delight.
“It feels so good~ I want to stay in forever 💕” (Impression of a Chinese tourist at Kogane-yu Onsen in Akita Prefecture)
“I was really surprised that we had to go completely naked inside the bath. But after a while, we became accustomed to it and just went with the flow.” (Impression of Aarushi from India)
“The onsen experience in Japan is idyllic and at its core, an opportunity to completely unwind.” (From the Bon Traveler blog)
“It was so hot that my head hurt after 30 minutes! However, I found out that going to onsen is fun, so I’m looking forward to trying out various onsen from now on!” (From the blog of Francesca, an Italian tourist)
“Amazing! Bathing in an open-air bath while being splashed by the waves” (Impression of a foreign tourist about Furofushi Onsen in Aomori Prefecture)
As seen in these comments, many foreign tourists are initially hesitant about bathing naked but enjoy the comfort, relaxation effects, and the experience of touching Japanese culture. Bathing in onsen surrounded by beautiful nature and the warm hospitality of onsen ryokan must be unforgettable memories for them.
Onsen Deeply Rooted in Japanese Culture
Onsen are not just bathing facilities but are deeply rooted in Japanese life and culture. In Japanese culture, which values cleanliness, bathing is an important part of daily life, and onsen are the epitome of this.
Onsen also function as places for interaction among local people, serving as social centers where people of all ages can easily gather. Furthermore, onsen have been deeply connected with Shinto and Buddhism. Since ancient times, onsen have been revered as places for purification (misogi) and as miraculous waters that heal illnesses. It is not uncommon to find shrines and small temples dedicated to the blessings of onsen in various onsen resorts. Onsen are an indispensable element for understanding the spiritual culture of the Japanese people.
Japan also has the tradition of “ashiyu”, which are warm foot baths.
Ashiyu is a wonderful way to experience the soothing benefits of Japanese hot springs without fully immersing yourself. You simply soak your feet and lower legs in warm, mineral-rich water. It’s a perfect quick and easy way to relax, improve circulation, and warm up, especially during your travels. You’ll often find them in onsen towns and public areas – a delightful opportunity to take a break and enjoy the local onsen culture!
How to Enjoy Japanese Onsen: A Thorough Guide for Beginners
Japanese onsen offer the perfect experience for relaxing both mind and body. However, it can be a little daunting for first-timers. Here, we will explain in detail the steps and etiquette for fully enjoying onsen.
1. Pre-Trip Preparation: Check Your Belongings
Towel Onsen facilities usually provide towels, but they are often small, about the size of a hand towel. Check in advance if you should bring a bath towel or if you can rent one.
Change of Clothes Prepare a change of clothes for after bathing. There are often lockers with keys in the changing rooms.
Shampoo, Conditioner, Body Soap Many onsen facilities provide these, but bring your own if you have preferences.
Facial Cleanser, Toner, etc. Don’t forget skincare products to use after bathing.
Hairbrush Necessary for grooming your hair.
Plastic Bag Convenient for carrying wet towels and underwear.
Drinks Hydration is important after bathing. There may be vending machines or shops, but it’s best to prepare in advance.
2. Arriving at the Onsen Facility: Check-In
Pay the entrance fee at the reception and receive a locker key and towel. If you receive an explanation of the facility’s usage and precautions, listen carefully.
3. To the Changing Room: Get Undressed
Remove all your clothes in the designated changing room. Do not wear underwear. Put your clothes in the provided locker. Leave valuables at the front desk or use a locker with a key. Bring your towel into the bathing area, but do not put it in the bathtub.
4. To the Bathing Area: Wash Your Body
Before entering the bathtub, be sure to wash your body. This is an important etiquette in Japanese onsen. Washing areas are equipped with showers, chairs, and wash basins. When using shampoo or body soap, be careful not to splash water or soap suds on those around you. After washing your body, rinse thoroughly with the shower.
5. Finally, Bathing: Enjoy the Onsen
Pour hot water over yourself (kakeyu) before slowly entering the bathtub. Kakeyu is a manner to acclimate your body to the temperature of the onsen and to keep the bathwater clean. Relax quietly in the bathtub. Refrain from talking loudly or swimming. Do not put your towel in the bathtub or put wash basins used for washing your body into the bathtub. If you are not comfortable with hot water, try a lukewarm bath first. Long bathing times can put a strain on your body. Enjoy yourself while taking breaks according to your physical condition.
6. After Bathing: Dry Off and Get Dressed
When you get out of the bathtub, dry your body with the provided towel. Return to the changing room and get dressed. Dry your wet hair thoroughly. Hair dryers are often provided. Don’t forget to rehydrate.
7. Leaving the Facility: With Gratitude
Tidy up the area you used and return the key and towel to the reception. Say “Thank you” or a similar greeting and leave the facility.
Additional Tips for Enjoying Onsen:
Use of Bath Additives Many onsen contain natural ingredients, but some facilities may use bath additives. Check the ingredients and benefits.
Sauna and Cold Water Bath Some onsen facilities have saunas and cold water baths. If you use them, follow the respective rules.
Use of Relaxation Space Some facilities have spaces where you can relax after bathing. Enjoy your post-bath relaxation time.
Dining and Souvenir Shops Some onsen facilities have dining areas and souvenir shops. Enjoy local cuisine and choose souvenirs.
Japanese Onsen and Tattoos
While tattoos are widely accepted as fashion overseas, in Japan, due to historical reasons, many public bathing facilities such as onsen and sento (public bathhouses) refuse entry to people with tattoos.
Reasons
Association with Yakuza In the past, tattoos were associated with members of the yakuza (Japanese mafia), and this image still lingers.
Consideration for Other Customers Some facilities restrict entry to avoid potential discomfort among other customers who may feel uneasy seeing tattoos.
Current Situation and Countermeasures
In recent years, due to the increase in foreign tourists and changing perceptions of tattoos, some facilities have started allowing entry to people with tattoos or permitting it under certain conditions.
Tattoo Covers If you have a small tattoo, you may be allowed to enter by covering it with skin-colored tape or special cover-up stickers. Check with the facility in advance.
Private Baths Even if you have tattoos, you may be able to enjoy onsen without worry in family baths or private baths.
Tattoo-Friendly Facilities Some onsen facilities and hotels actively welcome guests with tattoos. Research information online beforehand.
When visiting onsen in Japan, it is recommended to check the facility’s website or inquire by phone in advance to confirm their tattoo policy. By following the rules and being considerate of others, you can enjoy onsen comfortably.
Onsen Statistics: Japanese Onsen in Numbers
The number of onsen and their high usage rate show how deeply they are ingrained in the daily lives of the Japanese people.
According to a survey by the Ministry of the Environment as of the end of March 2021, there were 2,934 onsen resorts with lodging facilities nationwide, and the total number of hot spring sources reached 27,915.
The prefecture with the most onsen resorts is Hokkaido with 230, followed by Nagano Prefecture with 194, and Niigata Prefecture with 142.
In terms of the number of hot spring sources, Oita Prefecture has the most in the country with 5,090, followed by Kagoshima Prefecture with 2,738, and Hokkaido with 2,229.
Regarding the number of onsen ryokan, 12,860 were reported in the 2017 data from the Ministry of the Environment.
The annual number of onsen users is not accurately statistically documented, but according to a JTB survey, over 80% of people answered that they use onsen at least once a year, and the annual total number of overnight stays can exceed 100 million.
Onsen also play an important role in the tourism industry, and the onsen tax is a valuable source of revenue for onsen resorts. The total onsen tax collected nationwide in fiscal year 2020 amounted to approximately 12.36 billion yen. Investments in onsen resorts also greatly contribute to the revitalization of local economies.
Onsen Connecting the Hearts and Bodies of the Japanese People
Japanese onsen are not just tourist resources but are special entities deeply rooted in the lives, culture, and spirit of the Japanese people. The blessing of the earth, onsen have healed people’s hearts and bodies and contributed to the health and happiness of the Japanese people from ancient times to the present day. Their diverse water qualities, rich history, unique culture, and warm hospitality will surely be an unforgettable and attractive experience for all who visit Japan.
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