Welcome to Nara, a city where the history of Japan truly comes alive. Established in 710 AD as Japan’s first permanent capital, Nara’s timeless charm continues to captivate visitors. The unique scenery, a blend of ancient history and abundant nature, is adorned with numerous historical structures recognized as UNESCO World Heritage sites. In the serene atmosphere of ancient temples, you can encounter sacred deer, making Nara an essential destination for foreign tourists seeking a profound cultural experience unique to Japan.
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Stepping Through Time: The History of Heijo-kyo
Heijo-kyo, the ancient name for Nara, once flourished as the heart of Japan. This era, from 710 to 784, is known as the Nara period. Even after the capital moved to Kyoto, Nara was long remembered as “Nanto,” the southern capital.
Heijo-kyo served as the political center, the core of national administration based on the ritsuryo system (an ancient legal and administrative framework). Emperor Genmei established the capital here, promoting governance through law. It also experienced remarkable development as a cultural hub. Modeled after Chang’an, the capital of Tang Dynasty China, this magnificent city actively embraced continental culture, including Buddhism, giving rise to the internationally influenced “Tenpyo culture”. Diverse cultures brought via the Silk Road from China, the Korean Peninsula, and even distant India, merged and radiated their unique brilliance in this land. Economically, it thrived as a center where various goods from across the country were collected.
The urban plan of Heijo-kyo was modeled after Chang’an, a leading international city of the time, with a grid-like layout. Major avenues, including Suzaku-oji Street running north-south through the center, were developed. At the northern end stood Heijo Palace, the emperor’s residence and the center of politics. This feature is also common in the urban structures of Chang’an and later Beijing.
Several reasons contributed to the relocation of the capital from Fujiwara-kyo to Heijo-kyo. One was to showcase the authority and power of Emperor Genmei both domestically and internationally. Building a larger and more magnificent capital aimed to enhance the emperor’s prestige. Advances in civil engineering technology also made it possible to create a capital based on a more precise urban plan. Furthermore, there was a political intention to avoid the influence of powerful clans in the Asuka region, where Fujiwara-kyo was located.
Between 740 and 745, Emperor Shomu temporarily moved the capital to places like Kuni-kyo and Naniwa-kyo, but it was later returned to Heijo-kyo. However, in 784, Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Nagaoka-kyo due to political turmoil, the growing influence of Buddhist power, and the geographical weaknesses of Heijo-kyo.
The adoption of Chang’an’s urban planning by Heijo-kyo reflects Japan’s strong desire at the time to actively incorporate the culture of the Tang Dynasty, which possessed the most advanced civilization in East Asia, and to enhance the nation’s prestige. By emulating the grandeur and sophisticated culture of the Tang capital, Japan aimed to establish its own international standing.
The temporary relocation of the capital by Emperor Shomu and its subsequent return to Heijo-kyo suggest the political and religious power struggles within the imperial court at the time. The increasing influence of Buddhist power and conflicts among powerful nobles are thought to have contributed to the unstable situation of the capital. These domestic uncertainties likely played a significant role in the eventual decision to move the capital to Nagaoka-kyo.
The 74 years during which Heijo-kyo was the capital of Japan were a crucial period that laid the foundation for the subsequent history, politics, and culture of Japan.
Exploring the Charms of Nara Park
Spanning a vast area, Nara Park is the heart of Nara tourism, where numerous temples, shrines, historical sites, and friendly deer coexist.
Todai-ji Temple
Founded in 738 by Emperor Shomu and consecrated in 752, Todai-ji Temple was built to pray for national stability and the happiness of the people. It served as the head temple of all provincial temples throughout the country.
Its symbol is the massive bronze statue of Buddha Vairocana, commonly known as the “Nara Daibutsu” (Great Buddha of Nara), which stands approximately 15 meters tall and weighs around 500 tons. Modeled after Chinese Buddhist statues, this Daibutsu demonstrated Japan’s national power at the time and symbolized national unity through Buddhism.
The Daibutsuden (Great Buddha Hall), which houses the Daibutsu, was once the largest wooden structure in the world, although the current building is a reconstruction. Nevertheless, its magnificent scale overwhelms visitors. The temple also boasts other attractions, including the giant Kongo Rikishi statues at the Nandaimon Gate, Nigatsu-do Hall offering panoramic city views, Hokke-do Hall housing numerous ancient Buddhist statues, and the Shoso-in Treasure House storing valuable artifacts.
Emperor Shomu ordered the construction of Todai-ji Temple and the Great Buddha to unite the nation through the power of Buddhism and to establish a spiritual anchor for the people. The construction of such a grand temple and statue served to demonstrate the emperor’s authority and promote spiritual unity among the diverse clans.
Todai-ji Temple has been destroyed and rebuilt several times due to wars and natural disasters. The fact that Japan’s rulers have consistently strived to restore it underscores the temple’s immense importance in Japanese culture and faith. Historical figures like Minamoto no Yoritomo were involved in its reconstruction, indicating that Todai-ji is more than just a religious facility; it is a spiritual symbol of Japan.
Todai-ji Temple stands as a breathtaking landmark that conveys the grandeur of Nara period Buddhist culture to this day.
Established in 768 by the powerful Fujiwara clan, Kasuga Taisha Shrine was built to pray for the protection of Heijo-kyo and the prosperity of the nation.
Reflecting its deep connection to the Fujiwara clan, the shrine grounds feature numerous designs of wisteria, the Fujiwara family crest, and deer, considered messengers of the gods.
One of the most distinctive sights of Kasuga Taisha Shrine is its thousands of lanterns. Stone lanterns line the approach and grounds, while hanging lanterns adorn the shrine buildings, totaling over 3,000. Especially during the Mantoro festivals held in February and August, these lanterns are all lit at once, creating a magical atmosphere.
Kasuga Taisha Shrine is surrounded by the untouched natural beauty of the Kasugayama Primeval Forest, whose sacred ambiance gently envelops visitors. The shrine’s unique architectural style, known as Kasuga-zukuri, characterized by vermillion pillars, white walls, and cypress bark roofs, is also a major attraction.
The establishment and patronage of Kasuga Taisha Shrine by the Fujiwara clan highlight the political and religious influence of this powerful family from the Nara to the Heian periods. As the clan’s tutelary shrine, it played a symbolic role in the Fujiwara’s prosperity and maintenance of power.
The numerous lanterns dedicated to Kasuga Taisha Shrine represent the depth of faith in ancient Shinto, where offering gifts to the gods was a way to express prayers and wishes. It is a testament to the enduring devotion of many people over the centuries.
Kasuga Taisha Shrine is a beautiful shrine nestled in sacred nature, and the mystical spectacle created by the countless lanterns deeply captivates the hearts of visitors.
Founded in 669 by Kagami no Okimi, the wife of Fujiwara no Kamatari, to pray for her husband’s recovery from illness, Kofuku-ji Temple was moved to its current location with the relocation of the capital to Heijo-kyo in 710. It is said that Fujiwara no Fuhito renamed it “Kofuku-ji.”
As the family temple of the Fujiwara clan, it flourished alongside the clan’s growing power. It also played a significant role as a major temple of the Hosso sect, a school of Buddhism.
The temple grounds feature many attractions, including the five-story pagoda, a symbol of Nara, the Eastern Golden Hall (Tokon-do), and the National Treasure Hall housing numerous Buddhist statues. The Asura statue enshrined in the National Treasure Hall, in particular, attracts many with its beautiful form.
The history of Kofuku-ji Temple is deeply intertwined with the rise of the powerful Fujiwara clan, illustrating the close relationship between ancient Japanese politics and culture. Under the patronage of the Fujiwara, Kofuku-ji served not only as a religious center but also wielded political influence.
Despite suffering from fires and war numerous times, Kofuku-ji Temple has been repeatedly reconstructed and has continued to serve as a center for the study of the Hosso sect. Its history symbolizes the deep-rootedness of Japanese Buddhist culture and the strong faith of the people.
Kofuku-ji Temple is an important temple deeply connected to the history of the Fujiwara clan, and its beautiful five-story pagoda and precious Buddhist art deeply impress all who visit.
Another major attraction of Nara Park is the deer that inhabit it. These deer have been carefully protected as messengers of the gods of Kasuga Taisha Shrine.
Their origin dates back to a legend from 768, when Kasuga Taisha Shrine was founded. It is said that one of the main deities, Takemikazuchi-no-mikoto, arrived in Nara from Kashima Jingu Shrine in Ibaraki Prefecture riding a white deer. Since then, deer in Nara have been treated as sacred animals, and harming or killing them was once a capital offense.
Currently, over 1,000 wild deer roam freely in Nara Park, interacting with tourists. “Shika senbei” (deer crackers) are sold around the park, and when you hold them, the deer will friendly approach you. Some deer even appear to bow to ask for a treat.
However, it’s important to remember that deer are wild animals. Exercise caution, especially during the breeding and birthing seasons, and avoid approaching or provoking them unnecessarily. In autumn, the deer antler cutting ceremony is held as part of efforts to coexist safely with the deer.
After World War II, the deer’s designation changed from sacred beings to national natural monuments, but they are still cherished by the people of Nara.
The legend of the god arriving in Nara on a white deer elevated the deer beyond mere animals, fostering a special cultural relationship between humans and deer. The belief that they are messengers of the gods has led to centuries of protection, allowing us to see these friendly deer today.
The bowing gesture of the deer is a learned behavior to receive food from people. However, this endearing action demonstrates the deep connection between humans and deer and is a heartwarming sight unique to Nara Park, leaving a lasting impression on visitors.
The deer of Nara are a symbol of the city, providing a unique and unforgettable experience for all who visit.
Foreign tourists playing with the deers in Nara Park
Beyond the Park: Charming Surrounding Spots Around Nara Park, there are also many attractive tourist spots that you shouldn’t miss.
Isuien Garden
Isuien Garden, meaning “garden relying on water,” is a beautiful Japanese garden utilizing the waters of the Yoshiki River. It consists of two gardens: the Front Garden, built in the early Edo period, and the Back Garden, created in the Meiji period, each with its own distinct charm.
The Back Garden offers expansive views incorporating the Nandaimon Gate of Todai-ji Temple and Mount Wakakusa as borrowed scenery. The garden also houses a tea ceremony house and the Neiraku Museum.
Isuien Garden embodies the Japanese aesthetic of emphasizing harmony with the surrounding natural environment in garden design. By incorporating distant mountains and temple gates into the garden’s scenery, it creates a sense of visual spaciousness and tranquility.
Isuien Garden is a soothing space with beautiful ponds, tea houses, and garden views that blend wonderfully with the surrounding nature.
Located right next to Isuien Garden, Yoshikien Garden, named after the Yoshiki River, is a beautiful garden consisting of three distinct areas. It was built on the site of a former sub-temple of Kofuku-ji Temple.
There is a pond garden, a moss garden, and a tea ceremony garden, allowing visitors to enjoy various styles of Japanese gardens in one place. The beauty of the moss garden and the autumn foliage is particularly exceptional. Foreign tourists can enter for free, which is a welcome bonus.
Yoshikien Garden’s composition of three different garden styles demonstrates the diverse aesthetics and techniques in Japanese garden design within a limited space. Each style—pond garden, moss garden, and tea garden—reflects different garden philosophies, offering visitors a variety of aesthetic experiences.
Yoshikien Garden is a hidden gem where you can easily enjoy the beauty and diversity of Japanese gardens through its three unique areas.
Important Cultural Property Yoshikien
Planning Your Trip to Nara
Here’s information on how to get to Nara and the best times to visit.
Transportation
Train: You can access Nara from major cities like Kyoto, Osaka, and Tokyo using JR lines or Kintetsu lines. Kintetsu Nara Station is the closest to Nara Park.
Bus: Highway buses operate from Tokyo and Nagoya. Airport limousine buses are available from Kansai International Airport and Osaka Airport.
Getting Around Nara City: The main tourist spots within Nara Park are within walking distance. Nara Kotsu buses operate from Kintetsu Nara Station and JR Nara Station to various locations, and one-day passes are available. Rental bicycles are also an option.
Best Seasons to Visit
Spring (April – May): The weather is mild and pleasant, with cherry blossoms and other flowers in full bloom, making it ideal for strolling through gardens.
Autumn (September – November): The weather is cool and sunny, and the autumn foliage in the parks and gardens is breathtakingly beautiful, perfect for photography.
Summer (June – August): It is hot and humid, with the rainy season from late June to mid-July, but there are relatively fewer tourists. The Nara Tokae Lantern Festival is held in August.
Winter (December – February): It is cold, but there are many sunny days, and fewer tourists allow you to enjoy the ancient capital’s charm in peace. Winter events like the Wakakusa Yamayaki (mountain burning) in January and the Nara Rurie illumination in February are also held.
Nara is easily accessible from major cities like Kyoto and Osaka, making it suitable for day trips or longer stays. A journey to this enchanting world of history and nature will surely create unforgettable memories.
Nara showcases its beauty in all four seasons, so you can enjoy it no matter when you visit. The cherry blossoms in spring and the autumn foliage are particularly famous, but the lush greenery of summer and the tranquil atmosphere of the ancient capital in winter are also captivating.
Tales of the Ancient Capital: Interesting Anecdotes and Legends of Nara
Numerous fascinating anecdotes and legends related to Nara’s history, culture, and nature have been passed down through generations.
The legend of Takemikazuchi-no-mikoto appearing in Nara on a white deer, associated with the founding of Kasuga Taisha Shrine, is the reason why deer are considered sacred animals.
In the Daibutsuden of Todai-ji Temple, there is a pillar with a hole the same size as the nostril of the Great Buddha, and it is said that passing through it brings good health and wards off illness.
Heijo-kyo was built modeled after Chang’an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, and its magnificence aimed to demonstrate Japan’s national prestige.
There are various theories about the origin of the name “Nara,” including theories that it means flat land, originates from oak trees, and even suggests a connection to the Tungusic language.
Emperor Shomu’s deep devotion to Buddhism and his promotion of the construction of numerous temples for national protection are well-known.
The anecdote of Empress Shotoku printing one million dharani (Buddhist incantations) to stabilize the nation through the power of Buddhism is known as one of the world’s oldest examples of printing.
The numerous legends and anecdotes surrounding Nara add a profound charm to the ancient capital’s history, sparking the imagination of visitors. The thoughts and stories of people from the past live on in the temples, shrines, and natural landscapes.
Many legends of Nara show a deep connection between Shinto and Buddhist beliefs. Examples include the deer, considered messengers of the gods, and the Great Buddha of Todai-ji, which was equated with the sun goddess. This reflects the history of syncretism between Shinto and Buddhism in Japanese religious history.
Voices from Overseas Travelers: Experiences of Foreign Tourists Who Visited Nara
Blogs and reviews from foreign tourists who have visited Nara convey various emotions and discoveries. The endearing sight of friendly deer bowing, the overwhelming awe of Todai-ji’s massive Great Buddha, and the soothing experience in the quiet and beautiful gardens of Isuien and Yoshikien are just some of the many attractions.
Many travelers recommend visiting early in the morning to avoid crowds, enjoying interacting with deer by purchasing deer crackers, and exploring not only Nara Park but also the hidden gems in the surrounding area. There are also heartwarming stories of friendly interactions with locals and unexpected cultural discoveries.
Common among the experiences of foreign tourists is high praise for Nara’s main attractions, such as interacting with deer and the grandeur of historical structures. These voices demonstrate that Nara is a special destination that does not disappoint those who visit.
Specific advice and personal anecdotes from past travelers are incredibly helpful for those planning a trip to Nara. The genuine voices of those who have actually visited provide more realistic information than general tourist information and are a valuable resource for trip preparation and planning.
With its rich history as Japan’s first permanent capital, iconic temples and shrines, unique encounters with sacred deer, and beautiful natural environment, Nara is a truly special place that offers an unforgettable travel experience for foreign tourists. We invite you to experience for yourself the enchanting world where history, culture, and nature intertwine.
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